All posts by 妙境佛學會

家庭對培養慈悲心的作用 /對不同現象進行審視

噶瑪巴-家庭對培養慈悲心的作用

我認為我們的家庭 ,無論是有血緣的家族關係或是其他形式的家庭倫理關係 ,都是我們開始培養慈悲心的理想環境。

無論我們的文化背景或社會地位如何,家庭是長養我們固有的慈悲心,使其茁壯成長最肥沃的土壤。如果沒有這塊沃土,慈悲的種子便不能夠生長。肥沃土壤的目的是將種子種植成為完全能綻放自己、健康的植物。因此,我們與生俱來的慈悲心的培育與我們家庭這塊沃土是密切和相互依賴的聯繫著。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa on the role of family to cultivate #compassion

I personally believe that our family – be it our immediate family or other forms of family – represents the ideal environment to begin our cultivation of compassion.

Regardless of our cultural background or social status, our family is the most fertile soil in which to grow our inherent seed of compassion so that it flourishes. It cannot grow without this fertile soil of the family. The very purpose of fertile soil is to cultivate seeds into a fully manifest, healthy plant. Thus the development of our innate compassion is intimately and interdependently linked to the fertile soil of our families.

Karmapa

—————-

佛陀的教導著重于現象的本質。佛教思想可以簡單地總結為對生命本質的洞悉。因此,就是不斷對不同現象進行審視,以尋求實事的本質。

例如,在我們的人生中, 我們可能將物質財富、權力或名譽等現象視為生命的要素。從佛教的觀點,我們會檢視這些是否有真正的意義。物質財富是永恆嗎?權力是永恆嗎?名譽是永恆嗎?這些真的能夠滿足我們的希望、我們的願望嗎?只有永恆不變的東西,像流自於我們內在財富的永恆快樂,才具有真正的意義。

噶瑪巴

Buddha’s teachings generally focus on the essence of phenomena. Buddhist philosophy can simply be summed up as extracting the essence of life. So therefore, there is a constant examination of different phenomena, and a search for true essence.

For example, in our lives, we might consider phenomena such as material wealth, power or fame as part of the essence of life. From a Buddhist perspective, we would always examine and see if any of these have any true essence. Is material wealth everlasting? Is power everlasting? Is fame everlasting? Do they truly fulfil our wishes, our aspirations? Only that which is timeless, like the Timeless Happiness that flows from tapping into our Inner Wealth, has true essence.

Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

不要失掉追求和平的機緣 /轉向覺悟之道/修持慈悲心

我們人身已得,因此才有這寶貴和獨特的機會去追求和平。由於諸多障礙的緣故,大多數衆生都沒有這種機會。所以請不要失掉這個追求和平的機緣。

噶瑪巴

We have all been born as human beings and as such we have the precious and unique opportunity to aspire to peace. Most beings wouldn’t even have this chance due to so many obstacles. So please don’t lose this opportunity to aspire for peace.

Karmapa

————–

 

此時此刻,我們有因緣、有機會、有時間,擁有全部的條件,把我們的思惟轉向覺悟之道。

噶瑪巴

Right now, we have the conditions, we have the opportunities, we have the time, we have all the requirements to bend our thoughts towards the enlightened path.

Karmapa

————–

在這瞬息萬變而短暫的生命中,唯一有意義的事情就是修持慈悲心。慈悲心是我們唯一可以為別人留下的東西,也是唯一可以跟隨著我們的東西。無論權力、金錢財富,以及我們累積的名聲,到了人生章節的終結,以及從一生走到另一個人生的旅途時,只有慈悲心是我們唯一能夠帶着與及能將其傳給別人的禮物。

In this ever-changing and brief, abrupt life, the only meaningful thing that we can achieve is compassion. Compassion is the only substantial thing we can leave behind for others, and it’s the only substantial thing that we can take with us. No matter how great the power, the financial fortune, the fame that we might amass, at the end of our life’s chapter, and on the journey from one life to another, compassion is the only gift that we can take with us and pass on to others

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

慈悲的種子 / 覺知的利益

透過每一刻散播慈悲的種子,我們就能毫無困難地克服各種困惑。運用善巧方法避免障礙,我們於美德路上安然的前進,因此在善用這寶貴而脆弱的人身。例如,在障礙中,通過專注我們內心真正渴望的,有助於我們克服任何苦難。
我們可以提醒自己,慈悲心的培養實在不需花很多力氣。行住坐臥也可長養慈悲心。運用以上的善巧方法,我們就可以好好利用有限的物質世界裡的每一刻。

By sowing seeds of compassion as each moment passes, we overcome various kinds of confusion without much struggle. By applying skilful means to avoid obstacles, we advance safely along the path of virtue, therefore making great use of this precious and fragile human existence. For example, in the midst of obstacles, by focusing on what we truly wish for, we help overcome whatever hardship is present.
We may remind ourselves that this cultivation of compassion can be achieved without much hard work. We can cultivate compassion while sitting, while walking, while sleeping. Applying these kinds of skilful means, we utilise every moment that can be spared within the limited physical world.

————

覺知的利益

修持覺知是佛陀教導我們的主要方法之一,我認為這是一個極奇妙及非常善巧的方法。沒有覺知,我們將無法知道我們昨天或前天所做的善行。然後,不知道怎麼的一回事,不知道如何區別,這會令事情變得越來越複雜困難。因此,隨著覺知的練習,能夠真正識別事物,並且能真正看清事物的本來面目。

Karmapa on the benefits of mindfulness

The practice of mindfulness is one of the main practices that was introduced by the Lord Buddha, and I think it is an amazing and very skilful method. Without it, we would not be able to keep track of the positive actions or accumulations we have made yesterday or the day before. And then not knowing what is what, not knowing how to differentiate, it really makes things more and more complicated. So therefore, with the practice of mindfulness, one will be able to actually identify what is what, and truly see things as they are.

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴對菲律賓最近一場風暴的訊息

December 24, 2017

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴泰耶多傑對菲律賓最近一場風暴的訊息

親愛的法友,

菲律賓南部的一場風暴已經造成200多人死亡和160人失踪。這是菲律賓最近的一場災難,菲律賓每年有20場颱風和熱帶風暴。

全國90%以上的人口是天主教徒,我們應該留意到,這場災難是在國家慶祝聖誕節前兩天發生。

我請所有我的學生為受這場風暴影響的所有人祈禱。
致上慈悲

泰耶多傑

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴

Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa, shares the following message in the wake of the recent storm in the Philippines:

Dear dharma friends,

A storm in the southern Philippines has left more than 200 people dead and 160 people missing. This is the latest disaster to affect the Philippines, which experiences 20 typhoons and tropical storms every year.

More than 90% of the country’s population is Christian, and we should be mindful that this disaster comes just two days before the country was due to celebrate Christmas.

I ask all of my students to pray for all of those affected by the storm.

With compassion

Thaye Dorje
His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

自我的定義/如何增長虔敬心


噶瑪巴對「自我」的定義

我對「自我」的定義,就是執著於一些根本不存在的東西,意思是有違我們能放下從不存在的東西的本性 ,就像昨日的我,今日並不存在。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa’s definition of ego:

My definition of ego would be holding on to something that is not there at all, meaning going against the nature of our mind – which is to let go of the things that do not exist – such as yesterday’s self, which doesn’t exist today.

Karmapa

————————————–

在履行一切工作的同時,我們需要接受生命是在變化中,生命是脆弱的。我們需要接受這些條件因素,並承擔起責任,而不是對自己施予壓力。只需接受這些簡單的事實,然後努力的活在當下。

While carrying out all of our tasks, we need to accept that life is changing, life is fragile. We need to accept the conditions and carry our responsibilities, not by putting great pressure on ourselves but by accepting the simple facts, and then striving to live one moment at a time.

——————————–

噶瑪巴 – 如何增長虔敬心

通過看到利益可以增長虔敬心。

這就是為什麼我們必須要持續修行成為一個具良好品格的人。當別人看到我們這樣做的話,會有利於幫助他們增長虔敬心。

噶瑪巴

Karmapa on how devotion grows.

Devotion grows by seeing the benefit.

That’s why we ourselves have to make sure that we carry forward the practice of being decent human beings for as long as possible. And if we do that, then when others see that, then this will be the benefit to help grow their devotion.

Karmapa

———————————-

雖然慈悲的種子是我們所有人都固有的,為了在我們自己和身處的世界中長養慈悲心,我們首先需要一塊沃土,就是我們的家庭。這完全視乎我們,找出勇氣去培養慈悲,脫離執著,和無條件地愛護所有有情眾生。

噶瑪巴

While the seed of compassion is inherent within all of us, in order to cultivate compassion in ourselves and in the world around us, we first need a fertile soil – our family. It is up to all of us to find the courage to cultivate compassion, free of attachments, and seek unconditional care for all sentient beings.

Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

和平是完全的覺知 / 保持健康的心識

噶瑪巴:和平是完全的覺知

和平就是完全的覺知。在覺知下,我們培養和融合慈悲與智慧。在覺知下,我們是生氣勃勃的、警覺的、對自己的行為負責任。在這種狀態下,我們不是由情緒所支配,而是控制著自己的情緒和行為。在這種狀態下,我們有耐性、非暴力、不作判斷。在這種狀態下,我們培養了我們內在財富和我們固有的特質,並以之與外在物質財富取得平衡來利益所有有情眾生,這便是和平。

噶瑪巴

Karmapa: Peace is Complete Awareness

Peace is complete awareness. In this state of awareness, we cultivate and combine compassion and wisdom. In this state of awareness, we are alive, awake, we take responsibility for our actions. In this state, we are not driven by emotion, we control our emotions and actions. In this state, we are patient, non-violent, we do not judge. In this state, we nurture our Inner Wealth – our innate values – and balance them with outer (material) wealth in a way that benefits all sentient beings. This is peace.

#Karmapa
—————

噶瑪巴- 保持健康的心識

非常簡單地我們可以透過檢視何謂健康以提高覺知,好像檢視什麼是良好的飮食,什麼能給予我們健康體魄的良好運動。同樣,我們問自己什麼是健康的心識,用諸佛菩薩給我們的正知正見,就能找到越來越多什麼可以令我們心識健康的正見。依據我們的能力來運用知識,漸漸地我們會變得更健康、壯健、堅強和更柔韌,最終我們便能克服一切困難。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa – keeping a healthy mind

We very simply develop awareness by examining what is healthy, just like examining what is a good diet, a good fitness routine for our physical body. Just like that, we have to ask ourselves what is healthy for our mind, and then by using the knowledge that is given by all the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, then we can find out more and more what is healthy for our mind. And then gradually, by applying the knowledge according to our capacity, we become healthier, fitter, stronger and more flexible, and then we can overcome all difficulties.

Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴對埃及襲擊事件致上祈禱

噶瑪巴對埃及襲擊事件致上祈禱

November 25 ,2017

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴對昨日埃及襲擊事件的訊息

親愛的法友,

當我得悉埃及發生的襲擊事件,感到非常難過,這次襲擊的目標對象是正在祈禱的無辜人民,並導致可怕的生命喪失。

讓我們一起為遇難者、他們的親人和所有受害者祈禱。也讓我們為暴力的終結和暴力的原因祈禱。

致上慈悲

泰耶多傑
第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴

資料來源:

Karmapa offers prayers after Egypt attack


Karmapa offers prayers after Egypt attack

November 25, 2017

Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa, shares this message in the wake of the attack in Egypt yesterday:

Dear dharma friends

I was saddened to hear about the attack in Egypt, which targeted innocent people while praying, and led to a terrible loss of life.

Let us all pray together for the victims, their loved ones and for all those affected. May we also pray for the end of violence and the causes of violence.

With compassion

Thaye Dorje

His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa #Karmapa

Source: https://www.karmapa.org/karmapa-offers-prayers-egypt-attack

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴將於2018年到訪香港

噶瑪巴將於2018年到訪香港

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴泰耶多傑將於二零一八年春季到訪香港。於三月三十一日至四月八日,噶瑪巴將傳授灌頂,主持法會並帶領噶舉祈願法會。

噶瑪巴也將會給予佛法開示,並主持傳統海上放生儀式。

有關此次到訪香港的詳細資訊,包括節目表和地點,請參閱妙境佛學會網站(http://www.kagyunews.com.hk/specialnews/大寶法王2018香港弘法盛典/)。

來源:https://www.karmapa.org/karmapa-visit-hong-kong-2018/

#Karmapa to visit Hong Kong in 2018

Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa, will visit Hong Kong in spring 2018. From 31 March to 8 April, Karmapa will bestow empowerments, conduct pujas, and lead a Kagyu Monlam.

Karmapa will also give teachings on the Buddha Dharma, and preside over a traditional fish release ceremony.

For more information about the visit, including the schedule and locations, please see the website of the New Horizon Buddhist Association (http://www.kagyunews.com.hk/specialnews/大寶法王2018香港弘法盛典/).

Source: https://www.karmapa.org/karmapa-visit-hong-kong-2018/

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

 

為什麼我們要慎言 / 發願和迥向的重要性

噶瑪巴:為什麼我們要慎言

最重要的菩薩行為之一就是要永遠保持善良與柔和,以及成為一個良好榜樣,因此,在眾多行為中,菩薩必須要非常留意他或她的言語。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa: why we must be watchful of our speech

One of the most important behaviours of a Bodhisattva is to always be kind and gentle, and to be a good example, and therefore one of the many things that a Bodhisattva has to be very watchful of is his or her speech.
Karmapa
————–

噶瑪巴: 發願和迥向的重要性

當我們的發願和迥向有良好和穩定的進展時,我們累積的每一個行為、每一個念頭都會變得正面和成為一種修持。故此,無論我們行住坐臥,一切都變得喜樂,一切都變為功德。所以,懂得如何發願和迥向是非常重要。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa on the importance of aspiration and dedication:

Once we have a very good and steady progression of aspiration and dedication, then every action, every thought that we accumulate becomes positive and becomes a practice. So then, whether we are walking, talking, sitting, or sleeping, everything becomes joyous, everything becomes meritorious. Therefore, it is very important to know how to make aspirations and dedicate.
Karmapa

————

祝願你爲利益衆生所許下的願望都實現,願你所有善行都修得正果。

May all of your aspirations for the benefit of beings be realised and all of your virtuous endeavours bear fruit.

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴呼籲為地震受難者祈禱

13 November 2017

噶瑪巴呼籲為地震受難者祈禱

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴泰耶多傑對昨天發生於伊朗與伊拉克地震的信息:

親愛的法友,
為伊朗和伊拉克發生破壞性極大的地震,我邀請你們與我一起為所有遇難者、受傷者和他們的親人祈禱。
致上慈悲
泰耶多傑
第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴

Karmapa asks for prayers for earthquake victims

Thaye Dorje, His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa #Karmapa, shares this message after the earthquake in Iran and Iraq:

Dear dharma friends

Following the devastating earthquake in Iran and Iraq, I invite you to join me in praying for all of the victims, the injured, and their loved ones.

With compassion

Thaye Dorje
His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa

Source: https://www.karmapa.org/karmapa-asks-prayers-earthquake-victims/

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

六種能獲得快樂的善巧 / 噶瑪巴對大家的祝願

 

噶瑪巴:六種能獲得快樂的善巧

布施、忍辱、持戒、精進、與禪定,這五種善巧就像朋友一樣。它們是帶來喜悅、慈悲和仁愛的技巧。當這五種技巧與智慧融合在一起時,便能帶出覺悟者所有的美妙特質。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa: the 6 skilful means to be happy

Generosity, patience, ethics, effort, as well as meditation – all five of these are like a friend. They are the skilful means to generate happiness, compassion and loving-kindness. When these five skilful means are combined with wisdom, then one will be able to bring forth all of the wonderful qualities of the enlightened being.

Karmapa
———-

噶瑪巴對大家的祝願:

願所有有情眾生,可以脫離輪廻與涅槃的極端,找到究竟的中道。願我們所有人都能覺悟,享受由智慧和慈悲結合而產生的永恆喜悅。

我們所有人都應該發這樣的願心,祈願和致力通過我們的行為、言語和思想,能夠利益衆生。心中有着永遠不會與我們分開的菩提心種子。親近這些究竟的朋友,智慧與慈悲,我們可以完全達致覺悟。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa’s aspiration for us all:
May all sentient beings, may all of us be liberated from the extremes of samsara and nirvana, and find the absolute way which is the middle path. May all of us reach the enlightened state, and enjoy the timeless bliss that is born out of the combination of wisdom and compassion.

All of us should make such wishes, such aspirations and dedications that with our actions, speech and thoughts, we will be able to benefit all limitless beings. We have the very seed of bodhicitta within us, which will never be separate from us. Being close to these absolute friends, wisdom and compassion, we can fully reach the state of enlightenment.

Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴為紐約襲擊祈禱

親愛的法友,

昨天發生在紐約對無辜平民的襲擊,造成八人死亡和多人受傷,是一件令人痛心的事情。

在這個時候,我們要為受害者,他們的親人和受影響的人祈禱。

致上慈悲

泰耶多傑

第十七世大寶法王嘉華噶瑪巴

#Karmapa offers prayers following New York attack:

Dear dharma friends

Yesterday’s attack on innocent civilians in New York, which has left eight people dead and many others injured, is heartbreaking.

At this time, we offer our prayers for the victims, their loved ones and all those affected.

With compassion

Thaye Dorje
His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa

Source:  https://www.karmapa.org/karmapa-offers-prayers-following-new-york-attack/

 

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

言語具有毀滅和治愈的能力 / 處理別人的憤怒或攻擊

 

佛敎始袓釋迦牟尼佛説:

「言語具有毀滅和治愈的能力。當言語充滿真誠和仁慈, 它就可以改變我們的世界。」
As Buddha Shakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism says,

‘Words have the power to both destroy and heal. When words are both true and kind, they can change our world’.

#Karmapa #wisdom #kindness

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處理別人的憤怒或攻擊,最佳的方法是對慈悲和仁愛作禪修,因為感受到別人對自己的攻擊,與沒有處理好自己意識遷流有關。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa

To deal with someone else’s anger or aggression, the best method is simply to meditate on compassion and loving-kindness, because, it seems that the aggression that one experiences from others has to do with, not having dealt with one’s own consciousness’ stream.

Karmapa

———–
噶瑪巴: 保持清明的心

一顆受著情緖困擾的心,無論在思想、言語和行為上,我們都可能會增加已造成的痛苦和傷害的危險。保持清明的心,會令我們處於更好的狀況,去幫助和利益那些正在受著痛苦、以及受痛苦影響的人。這是為什麼祈禱和禪修如此重要的眾多原因之一。

噶瑪巴

#Karmapa: keep a clear mind

With a mind disturbed by emotion, we are at risk of thoughts, words and actions that may increase any suffering and damage already caused. With a clear mind, we are in a better position to serve and benefit those who are suffering, as well as others who are affected. This is one of the many reasons why prayer and meditation is so important.

Karmapa

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)

噶瑪巴對羅興亞危機的訊息

噶瑪巴發表關於羅興亞危機的訊息

9 October 2017

無論我們是不是著重靈性的人,不管我們是不是佛教徒 ,看到這些人類悲劇,這些人為的錯誤,都是可怕的。我們感到無能為力,但同時我們想要承擔責任、參與、幫助減輕苦難和解決問題。

然而,事情不是那麼簡單,因為承擔責任必然導致我們去尋找某種意義或理由,尋找誰錯誰對。我們永遠不會找到絕對的理由或解決辦法。我們可能會提出解釋、理由、過失 – 但這些都只是相對的觀點而已。

與其尋找一個意義或理由,最好是把我們的功德和祈禱獻給受苦的人。作為修行者,我們也可以訓練自己嘗試認知惡化的痛苦情緒,例如憤怒所造成的有害後果。

在生活中,遇到誤會和懷疑的感覺是正常的。當這些經歷出現時,我們不能試圖掩蓋或壓制它們 – 它們是不可被阻擋的。所以當它們出現時,我們應該讓它們生起,然後讓其自然消失。

我們越試圖壓抑情緒和延遲它的生起,情況會越糟糕 -情緒會愈益惡化。延遲情緒會導致真正的焦慮,結果可能是越來越嚴重的反芻思考,這樣就可能演變成為暴力。

在這種情況下,人們甚至會用宗教、哲學、科學甚至是種族來合理化對這些情緒上的行為。因此,我們必須找到勇氣讓我們的情緒自然而然地生起,就像風暴一樣它會自然的產生和自然的消失。一場風暴從來不帶有任何目的或意圖。
所以,當情緒出現時,我們絕對不要對它採取行動,否則,我們就會被暴風雨所困擾。相反,我們可以觀察它們,讓它們自然消失。這樣,我們將有助於防止更多的痛苦。

致上祈禱

噶瑪巴聽烈泰耶多傑

Karmapa’s statement on the Rohingya crisis

9 October 2017

Whether we are spiritual people or not, whether we are Buddhists or not – it is terrible to witness these human tragedies, these human errors. We feel powerless, and at the same time we feel like we want to take responsibility, get involved, and help alleviate the suffering and solve the problems.

However, it is not as simple as that, because taking responsibility will inevitably lead us to search for some kind of meaning or justification, a search for who is at fault, who is in the right. We will never find an absolute justification or solution. We might come up with explanations, justifications, faults – but they will all be relative perspectives.

Rather than search for a meaning or justification, it is better to dedicate our merits and prayers to those who suffer. As practitioners, we can also train ourselves to try and recognise the harmful consequences of festering afflictive emotions, such as anger.

In life, it is normal to experience misunderstandings and doubtful feelings. When those experiences arise, we must not try to cover them up or suppress them – they are unstoppable. And so when they arise, we should let them rise on their own, and then let them fall on their own.

The more we try to resist emotions and postpone them from rising, the worse they get – they fester. It is this aspect of postponing emotions that causes real anxiety, and as a result one could ruminate more and more, and this then has the potential to transform into something violent.

In this situation people may even use the name of religion, philosophy, science or even race to justify acting on those emotions. Therefore, we must find the courage to let our emotions rise and fall naturally, just as a storm rises and sets on its own. For a storm never acts with an agenda or intention.

So, when emotions arise, we must never act upon them, for then we are caught in the storm. Instead, we can observe them, and let them settle on their own. In this way, we will help prevent any further suffering.

With prayers,

Karmapa Trinley Thaye Dorje

(中文翻譯由本中心翻譯小組負責。若有錯漏,請見諒。節錄或載列文章內容以原文為準。)